Cognitive Problems of Bilingual Speakers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cognitive Problems of Bilingual Speakers - Essay Example Aphasic in bilinguals is a complex problem influenced by internal and external factors such as localization, "switch" interaction, suppression of a native language and a specific role of the right hemisphere of the brain. Questions specific to bilingual aphasia are added to those stemming from aphasia in general, such as whether aphasia is a general cognitive deficit or a language-specific impairment; whether it is a unitary phenomenon or admits of multiple syndromes; whether it is a deficit of competence or performance; and whether modality-specific deficits are aphasic symptoms. Theoretical positions on these issues will have consequences for hypotheses about bilingual aphasia and/or the representation of two languages in one brain. Some authors, for example, argue that patients are not aphasic unless their competence is impaired. Competence is considered not to be impaired when a deficit is not equally manifested in all modalities or when a patient undergoes spontaneous recovery. Moreover, because it is assumed that competence is common to both languages, if a bilingual is agrammatic for some aspect of the grammar in one of his languages, it is predicted that she or he will be agrammatic for those same components of the grammar in the other language ( Scholes, 1984). Thus, what recovers spontaneously in unilinguals and bilinguals as well as what is differentially deficient in bilinguals is not considered a result of impaired competence but of loss of access through some defective performance mechanism. Such a position therefore holds that any bilingual patient exhibiting nonparallel recovery is not aphasic. The unstated assumption behind the argument is the role of primary education and background of a person. Whether or not teachers call students aphasic who have lost the use of one of their languages or who have differential postmorbid proficiency in each language, it is of interest to the neuropsychology of language in general and of bilingualism in parti cular to examine whether nonparallel deficits do indeed occur, and if so, to investigate the mechanisms responsible for differential, successive, selective, antagonistic, and mixed recoveries. The article is well-structured and is based on substantial research and data analysis. A researcher gives a special attention to the systemic-dynamic approach and their age, proficiency and motivation among students. The researcher uses inductive reasoning using specific examples and data. The arguments and claims are well-supported and explained. The researcher underlines that there is no a priori reason to reject the possibility that each language might be subserved by its own competence, namely, that each grammar might be separately stored and/or processed. There is indeed no clinical evidence that there is only one underlying neurolinguistic competence for both languages, that is to say, one common neural substrate for language, undifferentiated as to specific language. If it can be shown that specific alterations in competence occur in one language and not in the other, then it is not unreasonable to assume that each language is subserved by different neurofunctional substrates. Further systematic investigations, based on large numbers of successive unselected cases and

Government corruption in Africa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Government corruption in Africa - Research Paper Example The paper tells that corruption exist s in all parts of the globe, in evolving and also in developed countries. In latest years, there has been a significant rise in the devotion given to corruption. This has been triggered by a number of reasons. The first one is due to the rise in criminal cases related to corruption in industrialized countries. The second reason is due to an increase in awareness of the expenses of corruption all over the world. Thirdly is in line for the political and also the economic alterations which most nations are experiencing. Corruption in Africa is a growth impediment. African nations are not able to tolerate the price of corruption that hinders growth and also reduces the capability of government to diminish poverty. Corruption therefore has become a core enemy of economy and development in most of African countries. Corruption has spread like storm all over post-independence Africa for more than 4 decades. There is absolutely no country all over the co ntinent that has not been affected by this disease. They are either affected to a greater or lesser degree by the corruption virus. Since political independence, the foul of gross mismanagement of national economies and raiding of national treasuries for deposit in European and also offshore bank accounts became the tendency in most countries of Africa. In October 2006, the head of the World Bank disclosed that Nigeria executives had stolen an amount of more than 300 billion dollars of their nation’s wealth over the last forty years. But the issue is not just limited to a few bad apples through. Corruption is not just pervasive but also a key part of the social material of life. For those at the lower and end part of the society, like humble civil servant, the sale of limited power they possess is practically their only means of survival. Higher up force is one of the major ways of enrichment.

Management Research Project and Presentation

Management Research Project and Presentation The British Red Cross is a charity registered in the UK. It is the UK member of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (the Federation), an humanitarian Movement that currently encompasses 186 territories across the world and around 97 million staff, supporters and volunteers. The British Red Cross employs 2,755 members of staff and 27,349 volunteers, and income in 2008 amounted to  £243,548,000. The 2006 Intangible Business report (2006) placed the organisation as the fifth most powerful charity brand in the UK, with its brand value topping  £108,000,000; along with an income that year of  £201,900,000. The British Red Cross places strong emphasis on its differentiation from other charities and non-governmental organisations; in particular its absolute commitment to neutrality, impartiality and independence, coupled with its emphasis on individual and community resilience. These give the brand a competitive advantage above others in the sector. The first aid services business unit (the department in question for this marketing plan) forms part of the income from generating fund (trading) work stream, and is concerned with teaching first aid and selling first aid products. The first aid services departments customer base is non-commercial groups, such as schools, clubs, societies, other charities and support organisations. 1.2 Research Problem The focus of the organisation as a whole is on the creation of a society in which all are empowered to prepare for, withstand and recover from emergencies on whatever scale they occur from dealing with a cut finger to managing a major disaster. The organisation has realised that service levels should be improved and enhance the charity activities. The British Red Cross already works closely with primary schools teachers, and has developed a first aid learning resource for secondary schools  [1]  . A similarly differentiated kit that can be used in primary schools would fill the gap identified above, as well as generating income for the organisation, reinforcing its position as a leader in first aid learning  [2]  , and fulfilling corporate objectives. This strategic plan is designed to introduce a new product (the primary first aid learning kit) to an existing market (primary school teachers). The plan includes a marketing audit and examines the current internal situation at the British Red Cross in addition to analysing the external environment in order to devise objectives, strategies, tactics and implementation targets. A SOSTAC model has been used to give a structural basis to the marketing activity. 1.3 Research Objectives To find that when an emergency strikes, they will respond. How should make people and communities more resilient by helping them prepare for and withstand disasters. How to help vulnerable people recover from health or social crises, and live with dignity and independence in their homes. How to increase the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movements impact on the lives of the most vulnerable. How to make volunteering for us the best experience money cant buy. Make sure key people and groups know what we do and why and how they can help. Method to ensure those who use our services, and who support us in other ways, trust us and have confidence in how we work. How to maximise our net income as cost-effectively as possible. Above research objectives based on the corporate objectives. These objectives can specifically mention as follows; To increase informal first aid learning by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objective 2. To increase the number of first aid products sold by 10% in the next 3 years. This relates to research objectives 2 and 8. To increase knowledge and awareness of British Red Cross key first aid products and services by 20% in the next 3 years within 2 priority groups: teachers and parents. This relates to research objectives 2 and 6. 1.4 The importance of marketing research Methodology Proper marketing research is key to an organisations ability successfully launch a new product into an existing market, and in doing so to increase profit and brand equity. Within a charity context, the need to generate funds to be used to help others is a major part of the organisations activities and this aim simply cannot be realised without effective and efficient research in place. Effective marketing research can also boost the chances of bring about real social good, and making positive changes to beneficiaries lives. A well-structured research that makes use of relevant models and takes account of both internal and external factors ensures clarity and a systematic approach. Marketing research uncovers niches in the market which can be filled, highlights gaps in funding and provision and drives the organisation towards the fulfilment of its goals. The first stage of the marketing research process is to establish where the organisation is at the present time, to act as a baseline for comparisons and something on which the marketing research can build. At the heart of this situation analysis is the identification of critical success factors and distinctive competencies, which are the distilled learning from examination of the organisations strength and weaknesses, and the opportunities and threats it faces  [3]  . Using these key pieces of information, the marketer can allocate resources to ensure that wherever possible strengths are boosted, weaknesses overcome, opportunities are taken and threats neutralised. A key part of the marketing research process is identifying customer needs and wants, and profitable ways of satisfying them. Without this information, the organisation is left creating products and services about which it has no idea of demand. Part of gathering this type of data is competitor analysis, which can provide valuable insights into the market as well as flagging up potential areas of overlap and areas which would not prove profitable. Effective marketing research also combats wastage through efficient use of resources. Using models such as the Value Chain Analysis highlights areas where savings can be made and processes tightened in order to maximise value and deliver a larger profit margin. In the example of the British Red Cross, use of the Value Chain Analysis showed that the margin could be increased by improving the efficiency of inbound logistics  [4]  . Wastage can also be combated through the examination of potential changes to internal and external environments, and building proactive mitigating factors to negative change and ways to take advantage of positive change into the plan is key. It is necessary to conduct survey to collect all information. They can use questionnaire in print format as well as in e-format (online questionnaire). Through the existing welfare societies can distribute the questionnaire. Then should collect and properly analyse the entire research findings. Also company can conduct other primary research methods such as in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. In this report analysis I have taken most of the secondary sources. 1.5 Literature Review A marketing research is a starting point from which the organisation can begin to look forward, fill gaps and plan activities. In the words of Dibb et al (2005): A marketing audit is a systematic examination of the marketing functions objectives, strategies, programmes, organisation and performance. Without this methodically obtained baseline, the organisation has no way of evaluating either where it has come from or where it is going. Factors affecting the organisation must be identified, potential changes considered and prepared for, and the reliability and validity of information should be rigorously interrogated. This requires considerable research on the part of the marketing team, and is of vital importance. Situation analysis should form a regular part of a marketing departments work in order for it to adapt to both internal and external changes in the environment. 1.5.1 Internal factors The organisation has control over its internal environment, and as such it is important to examine internal factors closely. Data must be gathered, both current and historical, as well as think pieces examining future plans. Reliability of information should also be considered minutes of meetings may not always be accurate and staff and volunteers may not always be scrupulously honest in workforce surveys. In addition, some data may not be available, either due to confidentiality, poor record keeping or lack of budget. Organisational strengths and weaknesses should be taken into account, and potential internal changes considered. 1.5.2 7Ps and 7Ss Booms and Bitners 7P and McKinseys 7S models have been employed to identify and analyse the internal factors affecting the British Red Cross  [5]  . Both models are key tools in the marketing analysis. Used correctly and in conjunction with the external analyses, the information they uncover forms the basis on which the entire marketing plan rests. By examining the strengths and weaknesses of each P and each S, the marketing team can evaluate the organisation, taking a snapshot of the current situation which will allow for planning to increase positive aspects and reduce negatives. It also enables the marketing team to consider the perspectives of the organisations stakeholders, all of whom are key to success. Both the 7P and 7S models are key tools in the marketing analysis which, when used correctly, uncover information that forms the basis for building a sound marketing plan. For example, in the case of the British Red Cross these models identified the strengths of the organis ations positive brand association, which will play a key role in the positioning of the first aid education kit, but also highlighted a weakness of product differentiation, which the kit will go some way towards addressing. 1.5.3 BCG matrix As a large organisation the British Red Cross undertakes many different activities and provides hundreds of products and services. The products and services from the first aid services strategic business unit have particular potential to affect the activity surrounding the primary first aid marketing kit, and it is important to map each of these in order to generate future strategy. To do this, and to examine the potential placement of the kit within the context of the strategic business unit, the Boston Consultancy Groups portfolio analysis matrix was employed  [6]  . This identified that the majority of the units output are cash cows, and the minority are dogs, highlighting that good levels of profit are coming in and resource investment is fairly low. The matrix suggests that resource capacity from the cash cows can be used to grow the kit from a question mark to a star. The matrix has also shown up areas of the units work of which it would seem prudent to divest itself in ord er to reinvest resources. 1.5.4 PLC Along with the BCG matrix, the product life cycle is also extremely useful tool in indicating to the marketing team the level of resourcing a product requires now, and the likely stages it will go through if a good marketing plan is well executed  [7]  . This model identifies the products growth stage, with each stage requiring different levels of resource investment and different activity. As the kit is currently in research and development it requires great investment of time and money and cannot yet make a profit. 1.5.5 Value chain analysis Porters value chain analysis examines the primary and secondary activities undertaken by the organisation  [8]  . The model demands a thorough interrogation of the organisations work, which is split into activities which can directly affect income (primary) and activities which support income affecting activities (secondary). By undertaking this process, the marketing team can identify areas where value to can be added and a competitive advantage created in order to maximise profit. In the case of the British Red Cross, there is already a good level of value within the system, but some activities were identified which could benefit from modification. 1.5.6 Distinctive competencies The distinctive competencies of an organisation are derived from close investigation into its internal environment and the strengths and weaknesses therein. The competencies identify the core skills and superior qualities of the organisation which differentiate it and can confer competitive advantage. They are the culmination of the internal situation analysis and identify priority areas which can be leveraged to gain success. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 distinctive competencies were identified, and played an important part in informing the marketing plan  [9]  . Internal change is slow within such a large organisation and so it is unlikely that the competencies will change dramatically within the life of the marketing plan. The reason for this is in part due to the organisational culture and ways of working and in part due to the immutable founding principles of the organisation. For example, unless a catastrophic event occurs to the organisation and the comprehensive crisis management plan is not implemented, it is unlikely that the positive brand equity could be destroyed within the timeframe of the marketing plan. In addition, the organisation employs a brand management department which works solely to enhance and protect the organisations position. Written into the organisations five year strategy is are objectives concerning emergency response and first aid, which guarantee investment and highlight the importance placed on these areas. Again, it is highly unlikely that the organisation will change these priorities and nullify this disti nctive competency. As regards the need to further differentiate products and services, such a large and slow-moving organisation as the British Red Cross will take time to do this, and the activities outlined in the marketing should go some way to achieving this goal. 1.5.7 External factors In addition to the internal environment, over which the organisation has control, there are two external environments, the micro and the macro. Data must be collected for both of these environments, and examined as closely as that from inside the organisation. Articles in the media, competitor reports and accounts, conversations with counterparts, and political details should be studied, as well as social and cultural practices within the products target market. Again, the validity of data should be closely questioned, as an element of bias is likely to appear in most media and political reports, and competitors and counterparts will always attempt to show their own organisation in a positive light. Research into and analysis of the external environment also enables the marketing team to consider their organisation from the perspective of a customer, competitor or supplier. In order to be fully informed about the total environment into which the primary first aid learning kit is to b e launched, it is vital that as many issues which may affect it as possible are known, so that positive action can be taken and pitfalls avoided. The micro-environment The micro-environment consists of external factors which are fairly close to the organisation, and which it may be able to influence in some way. By using a SPICC analysis  [10]  to consider those groups who are closest to the organisation, the marketing team can plan ways in which to positively affect them. Porters five forces analysis  [11]  is another useful model and considers risk from the external environment in order to prompt thinking on mitigating loss and maximising gain to the organisation. The macro-environment The macro-environment is much less close and it is far less possible for the organisation to effect changes in this area. Nevertheless, it is still extremely important for the organisation to be aware of features which may impact on its profitability, brand and its ability to meet its objectives. Special consideration should be given to factors that are most likely to bring about change and those which would have the largest impact on the organisation. The PESTEL model enables a high level analysis into this environment, and gives insight in the decline or growth of a particular market and the position of competitors, as well as suggesting avenues for exploration  [12]  . 1.5.8 Critical Success Factors In identifying and interrogating the opportunities and threats uncovered by the micro and macro environment, the marketing team can identify the organisations critical success factors those features which are essential to ensuring the organisation succeeds in its endeavours. Along with the distinctive competencies, these factors require the greatest attention from the organisation if it is to flourish. In the case of the British Red Cross, 3 critical success factors were identified, and these play a key role in the marketing plan  [13]  . Task Two 2.1 Organisational Objectives Over 120,000 people undertake a first aid training course with the British Red Cross each year, but to really begin to embed community resilience, we need to increase the number of people accessing first aid learning through more informal means (learning tips online, using a learning kit at school, etc.). With the current economic downturn it is important to diversify income streams, to mitigate against a reduction in donations from individuals. An increase of 10% in first aid product sales would result in further funds for the organisation to put back into its charitable activities, as well as increasing the resilience capability of the general public. It would also assist in meeting the target of a 10% increase in income from the overall trading stream. As shown above, in 2009 only 50% of the general public felt the British Red Cross products and services stood out clearly. To build resilience, we need to make sure our offers are differentiated. Teachers and parents are key audiences in the community, and by increasing their knowledge of what we offer, we can gain access to children and young people the life-savers of tomorrow. 2.2 Marketing strategy 2.2.1 Growth strategy Ansoffs matrix  [14]  provides a framework for identifying the most appropriate growth strategy in order to fulfil the functional marketing objectives and reach the sales objective. Applying the matrix, having examined the planning gap analysis and objectives, showed that a product development growth strategy is most appropriate to use in this situation. This supports the posited idea to launch a primary first aid learning kit. Gaps in the first aid services portfolio have been identified, and the British Red Cross already has a strong brand and a good reputation in this field both in terms of quality and value, and in terms of expertise  [15]  . The British Red Cross already has good links with teachers in primary schools, following years of first aid education training, and this knowledge and contact data will optimise success. The existing market for first aid products and services is still viable (which rules out a market development strategy), as one of the distinctive competencies discussed above highlighted that British Red Cross products and services are not yet fully differentiated, and situation analysis research showed that general public awareness of products and services was only 50%. A product development strategy is also of only medium risk as an organisation the British Red Cross does not undertake high risk growth strategies, and prefers to build on accrued knowledge and experience in known markets, as it will be able to do with the primary first aid learning kit. A diversification strategy would be too high risk for the organisation, and a market penetration strategy for the new kit would not be possible. 2.2.2 Competitive strategy In order to support the growth strategy, a method of maintaining competitive edge is needed, and this has been determined using Porters generic strategies model. Having examined the factors discussed above and in the appendices, the most appropriate competitive strategy for this situation is a focus or market segmentation strategy. As a charity, the British Red Cross finds it difficult to compete on cost, and as it is not a hugely fast-moving organisation it cannot regularly innovate. Many of its products and services are designed for very specific audiences and are generally of a specialised nature. There is some competition in the first aid services market, but the number of competitors is low and there are identified gaps in the market one of which is the primary first aid learning kit  [16]  . 2.2.3 Segmentation, target and positioning Within the British Red Cross first aid services strategic business unit are a large number of products and services  [17]  . However, this marketing plan is concerned only with the launch of a new primary first aid learning kit, and as such the segmentation, targeting and positioning data will apply only to the kit. Segmentation Geographical segmentation: UK Chosen because the primary first aid learning kit is designed to work with the national curricula across the UK. This segment cannot be reduced further as the aim is to reach as many children as possible, regardless of their location. Demographical segmentation: Male and female adults who regularly work with groups of young people aged 5 11 years old and who have access to physical learning spaces (schools, village halls, scout huts, etc.) and available funds in excess of  £500 per year. These were chosen as customers will already be working with young people those not working in this field will have no interest in the product. The customers will need space to work in when using the kit, and will be aware of this before they buy. They will need a budget in excess of  £500, as although the kit is will cost significantly less than this, it is unlikely that those on smaller budgets will feel able to spend money on anything other than very basic materials which this kit is not. These segmentation criteria suggest the following segments to target: primary school teachers, youth group leaders, parents of large families. Target Teachers will be the prime segment which British Red Cross first aid services will target. This is for the following reasons: The British Red Cross has a good strategic fit with schools and teachers, as both are concerned with education and positive behaviours. There are many ways to reach teachers, both at school and externally. It is likely to become law for first aid to be taught in schools, which will boost teachers interest in the kit and drive sales. The primary first aid learning kit will be designed to work with school curricula, which will also increase teachers interest. Teachers have budget available to buy specific learning materials, especially those which form part of the national curricula. The British Red Cross first aid services team already have good links with primary school teachers. Parents of large families were discounted, as they operate in a far more informal way than the kit requires its a formal learning tool. Youth group leaders were discounted as they are more difficult to reach, are likely to have less disposable budget, and the British Red Cross has fewer links with them. The types of schools at which the teachers teach have not been discussed, as although public and private schools are likely to have more disposable income, they are not affected by national curricula requirements so are no more or less likely to buy it than state schools. Although state schools have less money they must follow the requirements of the national curricula. This money/curricula equation therefore cancels out any potential advantages of choosing one type of school teacher over another. According to the latest available data from the Department of Children, Schools and Families (2002), there are around 207,460 primary school teachers in the UK, working at 22,000 primary schools. Positioning Teachers of children aged 5 11 years old are typically very busy, have minimal time to research new products and services, are extremely aware of price, quality and accuracy, want to use materials which give their pupils the best chance of success, want to fulfil their obligations under the national curricula, and place high value on organisations which behave responsibly and make their lives easier. This suggests that the primary first aid kit must be positioned as excellent value for money and created by an expert, trustworthy organisation. It must be shown to be a high quality product thats easy to get hold of, easy to use and gives pupils a solid, accurate, practical and engaging insight in the material. The services surrounding the kit must be also be positioned as easy, quick and trustworthy. The design of the materials should echo these points. The kit will sit within the branded quality product category it is brand new and unique, good value for money and, due to its niche market, will only be available through a few sales outlets (by phone, online or mail order, due to the unique way the British Red Cross is permitted to sell its materials  [18]  ). This fits with the focus competitive strategy discussed above. 2.3 Marketing Mix 2.3.1 Product The primary first aid learning kit is a predominantly tangible entity, surrounded by layers of intangible services. The core product is the tangible first aid learning kit, which fulfils teachers need to educate their pupils in first aid. The second product, or first value added layer, consists of the products design and packaging (which will encourage sales by being clear, simple, professional and practical), its clearly signposted curriculum links (which will show customers exactly how the product will benefit them and their pupils), the British Red Cross brand with which its associated (which is well known and trusted), the multimedia taster materials available in advance of purchase (which, again, will highlight the positive aspects of the kit whilst at the same time engendering goodwill for providing some free materials), the quick and easy ways to buy the kit (which will make it easier for the customers to buy it, as we know how time-pressed they are), and the quick and easy de livery promises (which, again, will encourage customers who have not had much chance to order materials far in advance). The aim of all this is to add value to the core product and drive sales. 2.3.2 Price The pricing strategy of the primary first aid learning kit will is linked to the value which customers place on the satisfaction of their need to teach first aid to 5 11 year olds. This means an examination of the highest value the customer would pay and the lowest cost the British Red Cross can sell it for is necessary. 2.3.3 Place The British Red Cross model of distribution is direct it does not use intermediaries such as wholesalers or retailers. This is positive in that it allows for a high level of control, good customer relationship management, the brand is protected and low marginal cost. Inversely, this model has high set-up costs, its a time-consuming process, market reach is limited, brand equity cant be increased through piggybacking and costs cannot be passed on to intermediaries. 2.3.4 Promotion Using the DRIP  [19]  analysis, the objectives for the primary first aid learning kit during each stage of the product life cycle, and the percentage of resources allocated are as follows: Introduction stage Growth stage Maturity stage Decline stage Differentiation Secondary objective (35% of resources) Secondary objective (30% of resources) Tertiary objective (15% of resources) Tertiary objective (8% of resources) Reinforcement Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Quaternary objective (5% of resources) Secondary objective (20% of resources) Secondary objective (10% of resources) Informing Main objective (50% of resources) Tertiary objective (25 % of resources) Quaternary objective (10% of resources) Quaternary objective (2% of resources) Persuading Tertiary objective (10% of resources) Main objective (40% of resources) Main objective (55% of resources) Main objective (80% of resources) 2.3.5 Extended marketing mix The extended marketing mix of people, process and physical evidence can be used to overcome the limitations of the kit (particularly those associated with its service layers), as well as the first 4 Ps discussed above. The limitations in question are: Intangibility: The kit itself along with its packaging is tangible, which limits the issue of intangibility, but by providing documents to support the intangible services associated with it (such as the 5 year guarantee and curriculum signposting), this can be limited further. The free first aid learning support could be formalised i

A christmas carol :: essays research papers

Charles Dickens believed it was up to him to inform the people of Britain of the social problems occurring around Britain. While Dickens was a young man, he suffered from poverty along with his mother and father. His father was imprisoned for dept and Charles wanted to become a social reformer. Dickens used these problems as themes for his book ‘A Christmas Carol’. These themes involve poverty, pollution and a changing of ways. Dickens used Scrooge, the main character in the book at first to show how current society was at the time and then at the end, after the visits from the three ghosts, how the society could be. At the start of the book Scrooge is anti-social, greedy and extremely selfish. I believe this is how Britain was at the time. Then, after the visits from the three ghosts scrooge changed and I think that that is what Dickens wanted Britain to do. The first of the three spirits is the ghost of Christmas past. It had the body of someone elderly, but was surprisingly youthful and powerful. The ghost is described as ‘a strange figure- like a child; yet not so much like a child as like an old man’. It held a brimmed cap, evidently an extinguisher for its head, from which jetted a clear, pure stream of light. This stream of light symbolises that Christmas is a happy time and should be full of light and joy. On the other hand, the extinguisher cap that the spirit was holding was made by people like Scrooge, who use the cap to hide the light of Christmas. The second spirit is the ghost of Christmas Present. It is a great giant, dressed in a green and surrounded by piles of food. The spirit has a garment, which hangs loosely on him that shows his capacious breast. I believe that this is supposed to show how free and open the spirit is. Another similarity to his openness is his hair. This is described as, ‘dark-brown curls were long and free’ this makes the spirit seem to be totally natural and genuine. The spirit is made to seem kind and cheerful. There are a few phrases suggesting this such as, ‘its open hand’, also it is portrayed as having an antique scabbard with no sword in it which shows that the spirit wanted peace. This proves the spirit is gentle and caring.

Earth the Ailing Planet Essay

For more than a hundred years, human beings have been excavating mountains and building roads for faster transportation. When the forests and mountains are destroyed, natural waterways are also disrupted. In today’s modern world, there is mass production of goods for daily consumption. The sprawling cities, high-rise buildings, cars, and electric appliances of modern society demand a tremendous amount of natural resources. Besides the depletion of resources, much pollution and waste are created in the process of manufacturing. The universe is a composite of the four elements of earth, water, fire, and air. When the earth element i. e. soil or land falls out of balance, earthquakes result; when the air element i. e. air current falls out of balance, hurricanes and typhoons arise; when the water element i. e rivers and oceans falls out of balance, downpours and floods occur. In recent years, there have been many natural disasters, showing us the imbalance of the four elements. Natural disasters are occurring all around the world. This is very worrying. When closely examined, all the various disasters can be linked to our destruction of the Earth. To change the world, we must begin by transforming hearts and minds. Given the environmental problems facing our world today, we must not only change attitudes but also lifestyles. We should have a grateful heart toward our planet. As each of us is consuming resources and contributing to pollution, we must always think about how to conserve resources. If we lead a simpler life, we will help reduce the amount of garbage and protect our environment, thus improving the quality of life on Earth. It is a simple concept, but if we all put it into practice, the impact can be profound and far-reaching. Living on this planet, our fate is intertwined with the health of our planet. Let us always remember that we coexist with the Earth.

Four stages of the learning cycle Essay

During our final chapter, we discussed the four stages of the learning cycle. The four stages of transformational learning are as follows: recognizing a significant problem, confronting it intensely, finding a solution, then integrating a new perspective and a new set of assumptions into ones’ life pattern. I think that a lot of times people go through life not realizing when they have a problem. Therefore, acknowledging your problem is most definitely the first step in learning from it. When you realize that there is a problem, you must confront the problem head on to find a solution. Once you have found a solution, you need to incorporate it into your life. These four stages are important in any learning experience. The transformational experience that I will use for my example is very personal. I used to be in a very abusive marriage. My marriage was damaging to me as a person, and damaging to my children because it prohibited me from making anything of myself. I would always make excuses for my lack of productivity, stating that I couldn’t do anything with my life because my husband wouldn’t let me. Finally, in 2011, I realized that I was wasting my life. The only thing that my daughter was ever going to learn from me, was how to let someone else run there life and impact her choices. We would never have had a normal life! When I realized what I was doing to myself and to my kids, I knew that I had a significant problem. I confronted the problem, and I was very intense about it. I tried marriage counseling, personal counseling, and biblical counseling. I tried talking with my ex, and I sought advice from many people whom I really believed could help. After exhausting my resources, I knew that the only logical solution was to take my children out of the abusive situation and start from scratch. I chose to go first to the police for help, and then to battered women’s shelter. The women’s shelter helped us to move away and start over. I have now been away from him for a little over two years, and I am in my first healthy relationship. By integrating my new perception, I was able to go farther in the past year than I ever did in all of the years of my former relationship. I am now a business owner, I am in school, and I am getting married to a wonderful man who loves me and my children. My children now get to grow up in a loving family and a healthy environment. I am now able to say with confidence that I am doing my best to be an example for them. This was most definitely a transformational learning experience for me. I think that in my experience the main stage that applied in my life, was the integration stage. It is often easier to recognize a problem, and even to find a solution, than it is to follow through on change. Often times the follow through is not so simple. There were numerous times during that relationship where I knew the problem, and the solution was apparent, however I didn’t believe in myself to integrate the solution it into my life. I believe that truly integrating a new perspective, and changing your assumptions is a very difficult stage to master. I am glad that I was able to make it through that final stage, and to become the person I am today. I still have a long way to go, but I am proud to be so far from who I once was.

abortion4 essays

abortion4 essays Abortion, one of the most controversial issues debated today, can easily be broken down into two distinct viewpoints: those who support abortion and those opposed to abortion. Pro-life and Pro-choice viewpoints are at the complete opposites of the spectrum and argue every issue from murder to morals and values to violence. In the two articles about abortion, "Abortion Is a Selfish choice," and "Abortion Is Not A Selfish Choice," each side argues their case and justifies their position. The first article "Abortion Is a Selfish Choice," acknowledges that those who choose abortion are acting in their own self-interest while the opposing article, "Abortion Is Not a Selfish Choice," argues that the fundamental issue in the abortion debate is the right of women to make their own decisions about reproduction. Both viewpoints provide reasons to question ones own strongly held opinions. According to the authors of Opposing Viewpoints, "Careful examinations of others views can lead to t he readers understanding of the logical inconsistencies in their own opinions, perspectives on why they hold an opinion, and the consideration of the possibility that their opinion requires further evaluation" (Bender and Leone, 11). Both articles provide extensive examinations over selfishness and abortion and from my own experiences with abortion I believe it is a selfish choice. In the first article, "Abortion Is a Selfish Choice," Mother Teresa argues the position that those who choose abortion are making a selfish choice. Mother Teresa states that "Abortion destroys ones ability to love because people who choose abortion do so to avoid the hurt that unselfish love of their children would require" (48). In the article, there are three key points that Mother Teresa stresses. First, she acknowledges "Breaking the Peace," then "Abortion Leads to Violence," and finally "Adoption, Not Abortion." In these three subtopics, ...

Cellulose Essay Example

Cellulose Essay Example Cellulose Essay Cellulose Essay Discuss in my forum What is Cellulose? What is Cellulose and how is it used in food? By Bethany Moncel, About. com Guide Ads: Cellulose Foods with Starch Carbon Fiber Manufacturer Starch Oil and Water Cellulose is sometimes made from cotton. Photo by Kimberly Vardeman Ads Carbon Fiber Production www. harperintl. com Energy Efficiency Lower Operating Costs for Optimized Manufacturing Carbon Fabrics www. hindoostantech. com Carbon Woven and Unidirectional 3K-50K Plain, Twill SatinLipids for Research www. larodan. com We provide unique ranges of lipids for research, i. e Labelled Lipids See More About low-carb kitchen science food terminology Cellulose is a molecule comprised of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and is found in the cellular structure of virtually all plant matter. This organic compound, which is considered the most abundant on earth, is even excreted by some bacteria. Cellulose provides structure and strength to the cell walls of plants and provides fiber in our diets. Al though some animals, such as ruminants, can digest cellulose, humans cannot.Cellulose falls into the category of indigestible carbohydrates known as dietary fiber. In recent years, cellulose has become a popular food additive due to its unique chemical and physical properties when combined with water. Although cellulose can be found in most plant matter, the most economical sources for industrial cellulose are cotton and wood pulp. How is Cellulose Used in Food? Fiber Supplement With rising awareness about fiber intake, cellulose has become one of the most popular food additives. Adding cellulose to food allows an increase in bulk and fiber content without a major impact on flavor.Because cellulose binds and dissolves into water, it is often added to increase the fiber content of drinks and other liquid items when the gritty texture of regular fiber supplements would be undesirable. Calorie Reducer – Cellulose provides a lot of volume or bulk in food but because it is indige stible to humans, it has no caloric value. For this reason, cellulose has become a popular bulking agent in diet foods. Consumers who eat foods with a high cellulose content feel full physically and psychologically without having consumed many calories.Thickening/Emulsifying The gelling action of cellulose when combined with water provides both thickening and stabilizing qualities in the food to which it is added. Cellulose gel acts similarly to an emulsion, suspending ingredients within a solution and preventing water from separating out. Cellulose is often added to sauces for both the thickening and emulsifying action. The thickening power of cellulose also allows for more air to be whipped into products like ice cream, or whipped topping.Cellulose allows for the production of thick and creamy food items without the use of as much fat. Anti-caking – Cellulose’s ability to absorb moisture and coat ingredients in a fine powder make it the ingredient of choice for anti -caking applications. Shredded and grated cheeses, spice mixes, and powdered drink mixes are just a few of the many food items that take advantage of cellulose as an anti-caking agent. Forms of Cellulose Cellulose can be found on ingredient lists under a variety of names, depending on which form is used.Although cellulose has the same molecular structure regardless of the source (wood pulp, cotton, or other vegetable matter), how the molecules are bonded together and whether or not they are hydrated creates different â€Å"forms† of cellulose. Powdered cellulose is the most widely used in food products and is the form of choice for anti-caking applications. Cellulose gum or cellulose gel, which are hydrated forms of cellulose, are often used in sauces or other wet items like ice cream and frozen yogurt. Cellulose may also be found on ingredient lists under the names carboxymethyl cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, or MCC.

Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation

Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation Exceptions in the Rules of Hyphenation By Mark Nichol After thumbing through the dictionary or perusing a usage guide, you’d think that the trend in American English and, to a lesser extent, in British English is to omit hyphens from words consisting of a prefix attached to the root word. But reality begs to differ. Mail sent from nonprofit organizations invariably features the word non-profit in the upper right-hand corner, where a stamp would normally be placed. (By contrast, the US Postal Service, on its Web site, correctly styles the term nonprofit but the Internal Revenue Service employs the hyphen, as do many such organizations.) Commercial Web sites and product catalogs invite customers to plan ahead, using the word pre-order, though the dictionary listing is preorder. And many print or online references to peace movements feature the term anti-war, despite the designation of the standard form in virtually all writing resources as antiwar. So, why do descriptivist and prescriptivist handbooks alike exhort readers to close the gap, when so many people who use the English language to communicate in writing ignore or are ignorant of the authorities’ citations? The natural trend in associating words or parts of words is to first combine them in open compounds, later hyphenate them as they become more established, and finally convert them into closed compounds when familiarity is thoroughly achieved (though many compounds remain open or hyphenated long after these evolutionary stages seem overdue). But most writers seemingly a majority of amateurs and definitely too many professionals don’t pay attention to such details, though the standard is easily ascertained by a glance in a dictionary or another resource. The exceptions to the preponderance of closed prefixes are relatively few and more or less simple. Retain a hyphen in the following cases: When the root word is a proper noun (post-Depression) or a number (pre-1914) When the prefix precedes an existing prefix (non-self-governing) When the prefix precedes a proper open compound (â€Å"pre-Civil War†) in such a case, the symbol should technically be an en dash, to help clarify that pre- modifies â€Å"Civil War,† not just the word it is actually attached to, but many publications, print and online, use a simple hyphen When two instances of the letter i or the letter a are adjacent (anti-intellectual, extra-action), or another combination of letters could hamper reading (pro-labor and many other pro- constructions) When a prefix is repeated (anti-antibody) When suspensive hyphenation is employed (â€Å"over- and understimulation†) Also, some people find it awkward to close up co- and a word starting with c (they prefer co-chair to cochair), with o (co-owner is preferred to coowner), or even with any word (coworker, instead of co-worker, annoys many writers). In addition, there are isolated illogical exceptions. For example, why close up reentry but hyphenate de-emphasis? And an otherwise superfluous hyphen is often inserted to distinguish homographs (as with re-count, â€Å"to tally again,† as opposed to recount, â€Å"to narrate†). Some writers ignore this seemingly overcautious strategy, though a clear context doesn’t necessarily obviate it. (Sometimes, the distinction does seem unnecessary: How many people write recreate as the verb form of recreation compared to using the prevalent usage, meaning â€Å"to create again†? But, oddly, the dominant homograph is given the hyphenated form.) Despite this apparent multitude of deviations from the norm, there is a norm: An overwhelming majority of prefixes are closed. But if you’re ever in doubt, just consult your dictionary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 15 Brainstorming Strategies for Writers20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Kotter#5,6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Kotter#5,6 - Essay Example In this step, Kotter (4-12) emphasizes to delegate the powers, authority and autonomy to direct the change efforts in order to reshape a new behavior, replacing the old behavior. On the other hand, Haddad (98-99) has focused more on feasibility, effectiveness and benefits of participatory design while implementing a strategic change. If participation is encouraged from those who are directly going to be affected by change implementation, that change program will fulfill their needs more appropriately rather than implementing such a change in which employees participation is overlooked. This bottom lime strategy clearly resembles with that of fifth step of Kotter (4-12) which puts more weight on â€Å"empowering others to act in the vision†. I agree with points raised by Kegan and Lahey (49-59) to understand the concept why people won’t change, simply because of the 180-degree difference in their stated commitments and competing commitments. However, if these behaviors are identified and appropriately confronted with the participation of employees, the implementation of strategic change will be far more convenient for the organizations. The analysis of Beer and Nohria (13-23) outlines the two mindsets of managers in dealing with the change. These mindsets are formulated as Theory E and Theory O by Beer and Nohria (13-23). Those managers who have the mindset of Theory E, investigates the Economic value of everything which they find in the organization’s culture. These managers toil hard to maximize the wealth of shareholder as their ultimate goal of success. On the contrary, Theory O believers have the standpoint of developing the capabilities of the organization. If the combined effects of both these theories are analyzed, these effects are closely related to the sixth step of Kotter (4-12) which involves short-tem wins.

Zeno's Paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise Essay

Zeno's Paradox of Achilles and the Tortoise - Essay Example By our perception of motion, we know that Achilles is faster than the tortoise and thus he can easily overcome the tortoise in any race. We can physically prove our initial hypothesis that Achilles can beat the tortoise in a race and see that Achilles will at some point outrun the tortoise by the distance he has covered in leaps and bounds. Space or distance has always been measured by our senses; our eyes can visibly see that the distance traveled by Achilles is indeed greater than that of the tortoise. But this is what Zeno intends to postulate in the first place: our senses should be discredited as they are illusory and motion is logically impossible. Zeno’s paradox about the footrace of the tortoise and Achilles is built on one basic assumption: that the race between these two has no goal or each runner cannot reach their goal. In that case, the tortoise and Achilles’ course of movement extends to infinity and this is where the absurdity lies; there is no race that extends to infinity else the tortoise and Achilles would forever be moving forward and there would be no race at all. This dialectic reasoning of Zeno implies that Achilles will never catch the tortoise in a footrace, but the deeper implication of this paradox lies in the conclusion that no thing, for example a tortoise, or no one, in general, has a limit. As grandiose as this profound and philosophical conclusion is, Zeno’s paradox suggests that man’s abilities are limitless, very great in amount and degree, or boundless, having no apparent end. This paradox about man then puts forward a notion that his actions extend through an infinite amount of time and space. Our actions cover far greater than our senses can perceive; they extend to the end of time and the end of the universe. This claim becomes practically absurd because we know that time and the universe has no end to begin with while man has through his own death. Going back to Zeno’s paradox, his conclusion

Comparing Biblical and Denominational Christianity Research Paper

Comparing Biblical and Denominational Christianity - Research Paper Example Both types of belief systems ascribe to the basic Christian tenets, but the way in which they develop traditions and interconnections to each other through frameworks of belief, are constructed upon differing forms of guidance. In understanding the differences between Biblical Christianity and denominational Christianity, systems of belief must be examined and interpreted through meanings and from where those meanings are developed. Interpretation is the foundation of how the Bible is received, however. The Bible was written in languages with meanings that have changed, and has been translated into the common modern tongue of every written language. Therefore, the translation is used to determined interpretation. As an example, the shortened comment â€Å"spare the rod, spoil the child† is often used as biblical wisdom, but this phrase is a shortened version of several in the Bible. One of the verses that this phrase comes from the section that states â€Å"he who spares the rod, hates his son, but he who loves him is careful to discipline him (New International Version Bible: Proverbs 13:24). The word for ‘rod’ is ‘shebet’, which is a reference to the Hebrew for shepherd’s staff. The staff was not used to beat the sheep, but to guide them and to fend off predators when the sheep were vulnerable (Nicholson and Parker 217). As an example, the shortened comment â€Å"spare the rod, spoil the child† is often used as biblical wisdom, but this phrase is a shortened version.... The problem with the concept of Biblical Christianity is that it still depends on the interpretations of someone within the group in order to create beliefs and meaning. The belief in the superiority that is assigned by claiming to only use the Bible as a resource for worship is the first belief that connects the members of the groups. All aspects of life are informed through the wisdom that is provided in the Bible, with agreements on interpretation being taken as absolutes. Some interpretations of Biblical Christianity are based upon the idea that the beliefs are developed through believing what the Bible says and not making adjustments for the state of modern life. The concept of heresy is determined through assessing beliefs that are outside of the bible wisdoms, that are â€Å"held in opposition to the commonly received doctrine and tending to promote division or dissention† (Ridenour 15). Therefore, whatever falls outside of what is believed by those who adhere to Biblic al wisdom is considered heresy. Therefore, in believing that the form of Christianity that is being practiced is Biblical is to believe that all of the interpretations made by the group adhere to strict and literal references to the Bible. Another example can be found in Timothy I. The statement that â€Å"In like manner also, that women adorn themselves in modes apparel, with shamefacedness and sobriety: not with braided hair, or gold, or pearls, or costly array;† has been used to control the dress of women in some Christian groups (King James Version, I Timothy 2:9). In literal form, this suggests that wearing such items is an affront to God. However, once again, when put into context,

Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses Essay

Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate - Essay Example Understand the nature of the national environment in which businesses operate Moreover, these organisations are able to meet the market demand effectively. P&G complies with all the state and federal laws including the Honest Leadership Act, Lobbying Disclosure Act and Open Government Act. Effective environment funding helps the organisation to avoid political challenges. Economical The recent financial crisis and global economic recession have affected the economic environment of the country. The organisation tries to implement a competitive pricing strategy to support the low purchasing power of people. On the other hand, infrastructure development supports the FMCG industry. The infrastructure followed by the company supports the industry. The target of the company includes growing the organic sales from 1% to 2% at a faster rate than that of the market and delivering the highest earnings per share. It also targets to generate free cash productivity of free cash flow of 90% or greater. Social The organisation tries to introduce healthy goods to target healt h-conscious people. For example, UNICEF and Pampers are working together to maintain good health of babies. The company follows good governance and contributes for the benefit for the society. They have offered healthier products for the health conscious society and the targets set by the company for the future are always in line with the objectives of societal benefits. Technological Leading global business organisations try to implement advanced technology in business process to enhance their business performance. P&G uses latest and developed technology to attract customers. Moreover, random technological innovation has provided P&G with a significant competitive advantage. The company uses latest technology in order to attract the customers. The company offers tremendous competition to other competitors in the market. The degree of competition is backed by use of advanced technologies. Environmental The organisation has developed several business operation objectives in order to reduce the level of carbon emission. They try to reduce the level of GHG emission in order to bring sustainability into their business operations. The goal of the company includes building at least 550 billion in cumulative sales in the product category of sustainable innovation. This category of products follows an improved environmental profile. Legal The organisation maintains health, safety and environmental standards to avoid legal chaos. The customers are becoming more and more aware of the health and safety requirements and hence try to opt for the products that are healthier and safer. The company maintains the regulations existing in the countries of operation. P2. 1 The United Kingdom is one of the largest global economies. The UK economy is a mixed one. Over the last two decades, the strength of public ownership has been significantly reducing. The United Kingdom is known for the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. Slowly and gradually, the economy of UK has shift ed towards the service sectors (Lipsey and Chrystal, 2011, p.16). Tourism, banking, insurance and other business services are considered as the major growth driver of the UK economy. A mixed economy presupposes a unity of public and private control. It reflects the characteristics of both command economy

The issues of politics and administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The issues of politics and administration - Essay Example This paper will look into the issues of politics and administration. It will also discuss the possibility of separating politics from administration. Holding or having an opinion about such a view is very critical. It is, however, very easy to agree with all those who do not think that Wilson was right. The involvement of politics in the administration process is an everyday occurrence (Naidu, 2005). It has been there ever since the beginning, and it is here to stay. To try and stop the involvement of a higher, organized group of elite people who are out to benefit themselves is a very hard task. It is hard to hide the fact that these two are linked. It is very unlikely for any administration to make a decision without there being any outside influence. That mainly comes from the politics side of that administration. It is fair to say or point out that the dichotomy displayed by Wilson in today’s world is not applicable. The distinction is neither workable nor is it practical. Take, for example, a public school. A public school that gets its funding from the local government is usually very easy to fall prey to the involvement of politics. As the school administration wants to implement their policies, local politics comes into play. It is very easy for them to get side-lined. They get other policies to implement while being given ultimatums if they do not do as they are required (Sapru, 2006). Some of the advantages of this dichotomy would be the fact that, some policies that these administrations are forced to adopt may end up helping people. This is in line with the fact that incentives are always factors that are used to control these administrations, and the people around them. Another advantage would be the rise of more powerful individuals that may be able to run the administration. The recognition that politics gives to individuals is very appealing to many, and the fact that a politician is willing to spend time in the local areas would

Spontaneous face-to-face communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Spontaneous face-to-face communication - Essay Example It is also important to be able to reflect the degree of politeness in the process of communication. It usually takes more time to reflect the real essence of an individual in the communication process, because a spontaneous communication cannot reflect the real essence and the real inner world of an individual. Politeness as an integrative component of individuals’ communication between each other is often considered as means to â€Å"convey, interpret, maintain and alter social relationships† (Brown and Levinsion, p.5). Brown and Levinson (1987) are two scientists who studied the important role of politeness in the process of communication. They claimed that people are polite across cultures in order to facilitate the process of communication or to soften their desires or intentions. In other words, these scientists claimed that being polite is a threat-mitigating strategy used by individuals. â€Å"Face† in the process of communication The concept of â€Å"face† is the primary operating concept for these scientists that means the â€Å"positive social value a person effectively claims for himself† (Brown and Levinsion 1987, p.5). Any person may be afraid of losing his face in the process of communication. Nevertheless, the scientists underline that there are possible positive and negative faces that an individual may have. A positive face is more relevant to the majority of social actors. It implies that an individual is striving for high social esteem, social approval etc. A negative face implies that an individual wants to be autonomous, have his/her own will etc.

The issues of politics and administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The issues of politics and administration - Essay Example This paper will look into the issues of politics and administration. It will also discuss the possibility of separating politics from administration. Holding or having an opinion about such a view is very critical. It is, however, very easy to agree with all those who do not think that Wilson was right. The involvement of politics in the administration process is an everyday occurrence (Naidu, 2005). It has been there ever since the beginning, and it is here to stay. To try and stop the involvement of a higher, organized group of elite people who are out to benefit themselves is a very hard task. It is hard to hide the fact that these two are linked. It is very unlikely for any administration to make a decision without there being any outside influence. That mainly comes from the politics side of that administration. It is fair to say or point out that the dichotomy displayed by Wilson in today’s world is not applicable. The distinction is neither workable nor is it practical. Take, for example, a public school. A public school that gets its funding from the local government is usually very easy to fall prey to the involvement of politics. As the school administration wants to implement their policies, local politics comes into play. It is very easy for them to get side-lined. They get other policies to implement while being given ultimatums if they do not do as they are required (Sapru, 2006). Some of the advantages of this dichotomy would be the fact that, some policies that these administrations are forced to adopt may end up helping people. This is in line with the fact that incentives are always factors that are used to control these administrations, and the people around them. Another advantage would be the rise of more powerful individuals that may be able to run the administration. The recognition that politics gives to individuals is very appealing to many, and the fact that a politician is willing to spend time in the local areas would

The Importance of English Language in India Essay Example for Free

The Importance of English Language in India Essay These regional languages differ from each other so much that it is not possible to communicate with people of other regions without a common language. Further, India is trying to maintain a good foreign policy. For all this, there is need of a common language i. e. , English. It is this language which is understood almost all over the region in addition to national language of Hindi, all schools and colleges teach English and mostly have it as a medium of instruction. 4 In today’s world, we have to get knowledge of advanced technologies and all kinds of branches of Science. There is an urgent need of such a common language which can be understood by youth all over India and the language in which all data and information is available. It is English only which can be rightly selected as the language to be studied by all of us from the very primary level. This language is a store house of social and political knowledge. Hence, study of English language is of great importance for a developing country like India. 190 English is a language having 300an international status and can provide the best medium to interact with outside world. In all international seminars or summits, all speeches or course material is in English. If India is to utilize these opportunities, and expand its universal view point, then English is the only language which should be learnt by all of us. 251 Further, a nation can remain intact only when its leaders can understand the people living in different regions and can communicate with them in effective and cordial manner. All leaders cannot understand more than ten to fifteen languages of various regions, however, they can easily understand the common language English. This language is important to inspire unity not only at the national level but at the international level. 317 Today, USA and other countries have made tremendous progress in the field of science and technology. In space technology, we are no match to them. The world is making progress in these fields at a terrific speed. To increase and encourage more research work in Science and Technology, we have to study all these subjects in detail. And for this the importance of English cannot be denied. 383 Every nation must develop and encourage its own language. However, in India we have diversity in languages and it is not possible for many years ahead to have a common language like Hindi. Under such circumstances, we cannot wait for long; otherwise we will be left far behind. As such, till such time one language is developed, we must learn and teach English from the beginning itself. Some subject like Science, Mathematics and technology books must be taught in English only. We now know that we have not been able to prosper like other countries of the world due to keeping ourselves away from English. It is this language which can uplift us not only within our own country but throughout the world. 506

Theoretical Explanation Of Balance Of Power

Theoretical Explanation Of Balance Of Power The concept of the Balance of Power can be a useful tool in explaining the behaviour of states. Mostly because it is founded on the theory that all states act to preserve their own self interest. If they are to do this they must prevent domination by any other state, which leads to the assumption that they must build up power and form alliances. Throughout history we can see the B.O.P. concept in action. The states of Europe held each other in balance through the first 300 years of the modern state system. The clearest example of the B.O.P. concept can be found in the Cold War. In the Cold War the two superpowers the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. held a stable world balance between them. Both states sought to deter domination by the other through a build up of arms and through the creation of strong alliance systems. Under the B.O.P. theory the logic of the Cold War strategies and alliances seems apparent, with the best method of security being strength. In comparison with the era of the Cold War, we are now living in a constantly changing world. In recent years a number of emerging nations have been challenging the position of dominance of the old powers, which are dropping down the international pecking order. In economic terms, countries from the South now account for more than half of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product), are leading world growth -with growth rates above 11% (China) and 9% (India) -and consume more than half of the worlds energy. It is forecast that in thirty years time, China and India will be global powers and that, along with the United States of America (USA), they will compete amongst themselves for world leadership. Since the end of the Cold War, the United States has been alone in the world; no state or combination of states provides an effective counterweight. Moreover Globalization, Market forces and operation of non state elements without regard for national boundaries and loyalties have made the balancing phenomenon more complicated. Therefore, some recent studies in the field of International relations advocate that power politics including balancing of power has become obsolete and the theory of the balance of power has lost its relevance. This phenomenon has raised series of questions and just a few are picked out here:- Question 1: Historically why and how the states opt for International balance of power? Question 2: Is contemporary international politics devoid of balance of power and power politics? Question 3: Are traditional measures and sources of power losing their relevance in world? Question 4 What is the effect of prevailing global security situations on International balance of power? Aim of the Paper: The dual aim of the paper is to map the different trends that are shaping the senario for the future global power balance as well as to offer a tool to better cope with the high uncertainty on how this landscape will evolve in the comming decades. Research design:- This paper represents an attempt by five individuals to think collectively about the international Balance of Power (BoP), analyse past and current international setup to establish pattern of BoP and finally make futuristic prediction in this regard. A humble attempt has also been made to suggest a strategy for Pakistan to carving out its role and relevance in future global seting. Relatively simple research design is used for this paper. It is in fact a historical, qualitative and an analytical appraisal of transformation of the global power balance that rests on the data extracted from both primary and secondary sources. This paper is mainly focused on studying the building blocks and mechanisms, by virtue of which the theories global power balance, are offering its scholarly and normative influence for contributing in predicting futuristic international scenarios. Three empirical gaps and theoretical arguments in the field of foreign/security policy and IR have been discussed in the study. For conduct of the research the paper would follow the standpoint of the realists school. In the simplest form the realist paradigm claims that in International relations, sovereign states are the key actors. In due process of International interaction among the states, their interests intrinsically come into conflict, mainly for gain of material power. Balancing thus occu rs to protect/ promote its share in material gain. Organization Of The Paper: Paper is organized in six parts. Part one is about theoretical explanation of balance of power. Part two discusses historical perspective of BOP. Part three is comprised of Determinants of Rising power. Part four presents Shifts in Global balance of Power a myth or reality consequences and likely power counter in the next two decades alternatives to the balance of power as a basis for international order . Part five is focused on Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan in likely future international settings. Conclusion and Recommendations are placed at the end. THEORY OF BOP According to the balance-of-power theory balance of power is a fundamental process of international politics, it is a kind of master law of international relations. There is a long history to this Newtonian conception of the balance of power. Yet in the European intellectual tradition it was, at least through the eighteenth century, a minority view. Much more common was the idea that prudent sovereigns ought to pursue balance-of-power politics. If they followed balance-of-power logic, they would preserve their own independence as well as prevent Europe from falling prey to an oriental-style despotism. Thus the balance of power was an important adjunct to European ideologies that rejected universal empire on normative grounds. In contemporary international-relations theory, balance-of-power theory is primarily associated with structural realism. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of structural realism, argues that because the international system lacks a common authority (is in a state of anarchy), it inclines states to behave in ways that, over time, produce recurrent balancing equilibria. Within contemporary realism (broadly defined) there exist a number of approaches that reject this interpretation of the basic dynamics of world politics. Both hegemonic-stability theorists and power-transition theorists argue that the natural equilibrium of international systems is unbalanced: that systems are characterized by the repeated emergence of dominant powers. In substance, the arguments of both camps are basically identical, although the former incline towards qualitative analysis and the latter towards statistical studies. They do adopt somewhat distinctive terminology, however. Hegemonic-stability theorists generally view such systems as hegemony under anarchy, i.e., the dominant power acts as a kind of quasi-world government, setting the rules for trade, war, and peace. Power-transition theorists, in contrast, tend to dismiss the notion that the international system is anarchical. In J.F.K. Organskis view, the international system is characterized by a pyramid of power, with the dominant state at the top. This system is hierarchical, and has a great deal in common with domestic systems. Advocates of both approaches tend to disagree with balance-of-power theorists that the best way to preserve peace between major powers is for states to achieve a balance of power between them. The logic is straightforward: when power is unbalanced, i.e., when a state or coalition of states is clearly superior to their potential rivals, then the former have no need to initiate wars to get what they want while the latter know they are likely to lose any confrontation. Wars between great powers, however, happen when both sides believe they can win, i.e., when they at least perceive the existence of a rough equality of capabilities. Hegemonic-stability theory and particularly the work of Robert Gilpin helped spawn a third variant of realism, often called neoclassical realism. Neoclassical realism shares a great deal in common with the understanding of the balance of power prevalent in early modern Europe: balancing is a prudent policy, but there is no force of nature that impels states to engage in balancing behavior. In my view, behind all the interpretations of the balance of power lies the appeal to realism in the conduct of international affairs. Realism remains the best, perhaps the only persuasive, argument for restraint; and it is common ground that the doctrine of the balance of power is a device to promote restraint, whether it is argued that lack of restraint is wrong, or dangerous, or ultimately bound to fail. In that sense the balance of power in international affairs is clearly related to the idea of checks and balances within a government, which is equally a device to impose restraint on men who might otherwise, seduced by power, abandon it. When Hans Morgenthau wrote Politics Among Nations in 1948, he was coming from the experience of World War II and his observations of the struggle for power and peace. He was very aware of the international system of the 19th century and how it changed through the first half of the 20th century. Then, as the Cold War settled in, he observed how a new bipolar world emerged from the former multi-polar world. He was very sure that an objective and universally valid truth existed to explain the world politic and that truth was accessible to human reason. The Realist view of the world was born with Morgenthau (and others) with this view that to successfully navigate the treacherous world of international politics, one must have a very clear understanding of how the world really operated. Waltz, arriving on the scene a generation later and with more time to observe the apparent bipolarity established by the United States and the Soviet Union, decided that the early Realists were fundamentally correct. He posits that since the international world is anarchical and that power is the coin of the realm, states must make decisions based on the position they have relative to others. Therefore, the actions of states can, to some extent, be predicted based on their power position in the region and world. States, in Waltzs understanding of the World, remain the principal actor. Transnational, sub-national, and even a-national actors may arrive on the scene and even have effects in the international arena, but the state will always find a way to deal with the interlopers. None of the other potential replacements for the state have the capability of providing what states can do for their populations. Realists have a pessimistic view of the world; there is conflict, always has been conflict, and there always will be conflict. This view rejects the notion that one can differentiate morally between virtuous and non-virtuous states in the international system. Such a view of how the world really works does not easily admit that the system can be changed and that conflict can be avoided. The Realist, then, is concerned with how the world actually operates and not with how the world ought to operate. The Realist sees the state as the fundamental actor in the international system, which is anarchical and amoral. As a result, actions taken by states that are not aligned with or do not at least take into account these realities are likely doomed to failure. Morgenthau was quite convinced that mistaken faith in Wilsons liberal philosophy had taken the world to the brink of disaster. The attempt to use morals to decide on actions was not successful. Only firm decisions taken with a full understanding of the reality of the international system would bring successful foreign policy. Fundamental is this system is the balance of power. Each state is concerned as to where it sits in relation to other states. When one state begins to gain power, other states will make decisions based on that power. Some will organize to counter those gains, either as an individual or by forming alliances. Coming along a generation after Waltz, Stephen Walt added to the Realist paradigm the notion of the balance of threat. Really just another way of discussing the balance of power, he shows how threats are the means by which states communicate with each other, thus ensuring they are taken seriously so their interests are protected. Balancing of power is a two sided proposition, though, meaning that a state, by its actions, can convince other states to either balance against them or with them. Band-wagoning, a process, by which states join with others, ostensibly to counter an aggressive state, is a mechanism Walt believes must be better understood and taken into account by leaders of states. We may actually be seeing some of this going on in response to U. S. actions with respect to Afghanistan and Iraq. In the case of Iraq, by standing up to aggressive action on the part of Al Qaeda, most of NATO stood with the United States and remains with US in the fight in Afghanistan. The opposite occurred with Iraq, when the European states saw American actions as being aggressive, and have band-wagoned in opposition to the United States. In order to promote a theoretical understanding of international relations and get answers of our research questions we will use realists approach of the balance of power. The realists theory provides answers to our questions as under:- Realists Theory Question 1: Historically why and how the states opt for International balance of power? Against threatening (or powerful) states by forming alliance Question 2: Is contemporary international politics devoid of balance of power and power politics? Balance of power is still relevant Question 3: Are traditional measures and sources of power losing their relevance in world politics? They are still relevant Question 4 what is the effect of prevailing global security situations on International balance of power? After the disintegration of USSR, traditional international balance of power was disturbed because of US unilateral approach to the worlds leading problems. After the current transitional flux, several poles are emerging and the traditional balance of power is going to be restored. DEFINITION OF BALANCE OF POWER Political Dictionary: balance of power Probably the oldest concept in the study of International Relations going back at least to the work of Thucydides. It is closely associated with both diplomatic parlance and realist theory. Its logic derives from the self-help imperative of the international systems anarchic structure, in which states are obliged to give priority to survival and security. In pursuing this logic, states will usually join together to oppose any expansionist centre of power that threatens to dominate the system and thus threaten their sovereignty. Balance of power behaviour is central to conceptions of the national interest and to alliance policy. If successful, it preserves individual states and the anarchic structure of the system as a whole. Its opposite is bandwagoning, in which states seek security by joining with the dominant power. Realists conceive balance of power as an automatic tendency in state behaviour. In an international society perspective, balance of power is a conscious policy shared amongst a group of states, and serving as the principle by which they regulate their relations. Neither balance nor power are measurable, and their interpretation is much debated. Barry Buzan Britannica Concise Encyclopedia: In international relations, an equilibrium of power sufficient to discourage or prevent one nation or party from imposing its will on or interfering with the interests of another. The term came into use at the end of the Napoleonic Wars to denote the power relationships in the European state system. Until World War I, Britain played the role of balancer in a number of shifting alliances. After World War II, a Northern Hemisphere balance of power pitted the U.S. and its allies (NATO) against the Soviet Union and its satellites ( Warsaw Pact) in a bipolar balance of power backed by the threat of nuclear war. Chinas defection from the Soviet camp to a nonaligned but covertly anti-Soviet stance produced a third node of power. With the Soviet Unions collapse (1991), the U.S. and its NATO allies were recognized universally as the worlds paramount military power. Balance of power, 0n Britannica.com Columbia Encyclopedia: Balance of power is system of international relations in which nations seek to maintain an approximate equilibrium of power among many rivals, thus preventing the preponderance of any one state. Crucial to the system is a willingness on the part of individual national governments to change alliances as the situation demands in order to maintain the balance. Thucydides description of Greece in the 5th cent. B.C. and Guicciardinis description of 15th-century Italy are early illustrations. Its modern development began in the mid-17th cent., when it was directed against the France of Louis XIV. Balance of power was the stated British objective for much of the 18th and 19th cent., and it characterized the European international system, for example, from 1815-1914. After World War I the balance of power system was attacked by proponents of cooperation and a community of power. International relations were changed radically after World War II by the predominance of two superpowers, the Unit ed States and the Soviet Union, with major ideological differences between them. After the 1960s, with the emergence of China and the Third World, a revived Europe and Japan, it reemerged as a component of international relations. With the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the United States, as the sole remaining superpower, has been dominant militarily and, to a lesser degree, economically. US Foreign Policy Encyclopedia: The balance of power appears at first sight a simple concept. It has been defined as a phrase in international law for such a just equilibrium between the members of the family of nations as should prevent any one of them from becoming sufficiently strong to enforce its will upon the rest. Yet the phrase has always been of more use in political polemic than in political analysis. Like other phrases with a strong emotional appeal it is vague, and it would lose its appeal if it were more precise. Its obscurities are several, but the most important is that it blends the descriptive and the normative. The condition is one, the term balance implies, toward which international life is forever tending. That is the descriptive element. But the condition is also one that may be upset, and right-thinking statesmen should constantly be on the alert to preserve or restore it. That is the normative element. These two elements reinforce one another. Because such a balance will be established in an y event, it is sensible and moral to work toward it. PART-II HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BALANCE OF POWER HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF BALANCE OF POWER 4. Prehistoric and Medieval Periods. During the Period of the Warring States in China (403-221 BC), the development of large, cohesive states accompanied the creation of irrigation systems, bureaucracies, and large armies equipped with iron weapons. These Chinese states pursued power through a constantly shifting network of alliances. In ancient Greece during the Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BC), the rising power of Athens triggered the formation of a coalition of city-states that felt threatened by Athenian power. 5. Pre World Wars Period a. In the 17th century the Habsburg dynasty, which ruled Austria and Spain, threatened to dominate Europe. During the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), a coalition that included Sweden, England, France, and The Netherlands defeated the rulers of the Habsburg Empire. b. Early in the 19th century, Napoleon repeatedly made efforts to conquer large areas of Europe. A broad coalition of European states-including Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia-defeated France in a series of major battles that climaxed with Napoleons defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. c. The classical European balance of power system emerged thereafter in an alliance known as the Concert of Europe, organized in 1815 by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich. This loose alliance between Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France ensured that a handful of great powers would coexist, with none able to dominate the others. Under this system, and with Britain playing a balancer role, peace largely prevailed in Europe during the 19th century. It is not an accident that the doctrine of the balance of power-alike in international and in domestic politics-received its classic and most rigorous statements at a time when foreign policy was largely a matter for rulers who could use the war potential of their states for their own aggrandizement. It was because a ruler had to be able to wage effective war that he had to be allowed the armed force that contributed to his domestic control. d. British reliance on a navy rather than on a standing army was important to the growth of British liberties-and later to American liberty. In a sense, therefore, the international balance of power was needed to check the pretensions of rulers who lacked any effective domestic check. The balance of power, however, although it may act to restrain the actions of those who believe in the doctrine, is in the first instance a device to restrain others. 6. Inter and Intra World Wars Period (1914-1945) a. When World War I broke out, although all parties made some effort to maintain or protect the balance of power (which, of course, they interpreted differently), none of them could argue that governments, or princes, were behaving in the way that one would expect. German apologists had to contend that Germany was surrounded by malevolent foes and that the survival of Germany was at stake. The allies had to contend not merely that Germany was too powerful for comfort, but that German militarism threatened a European civilization that would otherwise be peaceful. The argument, in short, could not be cast in terms of the balance of power. b. In order to contain German and its allies, a formidable alliance was formed in Europe. German threat was such that USA broke away with the centuries long stand of neutrality and joined the alliance against Germany. Status quo however, was maintained in Europe. Historians will long continue to debate the causes that finally brought the United States into the war. c. Same was the case in World War II, where, a status quo was required to be maintained and German advances were to be stopped, alliance on the lines of World War I was formed. The alliance completely decapacitated German led axis powers. In both the World Wars, the entry of the United States so quickly and completely tilted the balance of power in favor of the side it joined. Had the United States been regarded as an element in the balance; the wars in the form they took would never have broken out and it is here that the world saw the introduction of WMD. 7. Cold War Period a. It was well recognized that the United States and the Soviet Union were in direct and unique competition. The appalling consequences of nuclear war introduced a new kind of stability. The so-called balance of terror or balance of deterrence ensured that each nuclear power was anxious not to give the other power any sort of signal that would justify an attack, and was also anxious not to identify such a signal. This caution was compatible with, and even required, an arms race. b. The ideological struggle reflected the knowledge of both great powers that they contended in a fast-changing world; and the Cold War began to lose intensity, not when the protagonists decided to abandon it but when world circumstances changed and new elements began to contribute to the balance. c. It became almost conventional to speak in terms of a world of four poles-the United States, the Soviet Union, Europe and Japan. d. US led West used all means and opportunities to balance Soviet military power and kept on trying to contain Soviet Union. On the other hand Soviet Union formed an alliance with the opposite block countries to counter the US. Struggle of countering each power continued till the Soviet Union finally collapsed. With the subsequent disintegration of the Soviet Union, the United States became incontrovertibly the worlds dominant power. 8. Post Cold War a. After the disintegration of Soviet Union, USA emerged as sole global power hence as per the ground realities, the entire world had to align its policies with the US. Without an apparent foe to challenge its security, the major question confronting U.S. foreign policy was what would succeed the Cold Wars bipolar balance of power. b. The issue among academics and political commentators was whether the United States should emphasize its dominant position as a unipolar global power, or seek a leading role in a tripolar or multipolar system. 9. Conclusions from Historical Perspective. In nut shell post cold war power balance is categorized by US unilateralism, Wests political, economic and social control to the extent that the situations symbolize with that of eighteenth and nineteenth centurys colonization. Striking conclusions of the post cold war power balance are as under:- a. The end of the Cold War in US and Europe and the ongoing integration of the European economies alongside attempts at greater political integration in the continent have given rise to a view that traditional concepts of security are no longer relevant. There is a powerful perception that the idea of the state and its sovereignty has been made irrelevant by processes that are taking place at both the global and local level. Concept of security has been widened to the extent that currently it includes everything under the sun. b. Concept of Balance of Power has also been changed from the known enemy threat to fear of unlimited unknowns. Interpretations of the balance has also been changed from balance among nation states to balance among civilizations and much beyond. c. Post cold war era reintroduces the phenomena of colonization with changed face of chaining the third world through economic, trade and technology transfer policies under the umbrella of IMF, world bank, various technological regimes and UN. PART III DETERMINANTS OF RISING POWER (ELEMENTS OF NATIONAL POWER OR ANY OTHER FACTORS DEEMED NECESSARY TO QUALIFY A POWER TO BE THE RISING POWER) The international system is characterized by several unique features which colour the entire pattern of interstate relations and international politics. These features may be summarized as follows:- The central fact about the international system is that it consists of sovereign and independent nation states. These nation states act in their several interests. Their actions are the result of such factors as the judgments of the individual state authorities. The international system has no central political organ capable of enforcing uniform laws and standards of behavior. The United Nation is too weak to perform the task. There are very few universally accepted rules of the game. Generally recognized sources of these rules are four:- Diplomatic practices, (b) International law, (c) Morality and (d) World Public opinion. The significance of morality and world public opinion in international politics is hard to determine. The laws and principles flowing from other two sources are not properly codified and states individually interpret them in their interest. (5) Various states differ in their historical experiences, political ideologies and economic systems. Again they follow different religions, belong to different cultures and value systems. It is the complicated interaction between these various factors that colours their entire outlook. (6) The different states vary with respect to such vital factors as size of population and territory, character, political systems, resources, ideology and judgment. (7) The power distribution of the world is very odd. Between super powers (like the USA and the Soviet Union) and small powers (like Peru, Ethiopia, Srilanka, Sudan etc) there are a number of powers-medium, secondary and lesser powers. (8) Despite the fact of unequal power distribution each state by virtue of being independent and sovereign is regarded as equal and claims equal rights. In the absence of any central organ capable of guaranteeing these equal rights, the protection of these equal rights becomes the concern of each individual state. They are free to select and apply their own methods to protect their status and rights. The result is the international political activity. (9) The cumulative result of all the above factors is the emergence of a typical system which unlike community lacks common values and goals, has no universally accepted procedures and code of conduct where because of these factors resort to arms to resolve disputes is not uncommon. NATURE AND ROLE OF POWER The word power refers to ones capacity to control. As man endeavours to control the various aspects of his environment, his capacity to control these aspects manifests itself in different ways. It is his scientific knowledge (power) through which he controls nature whereas his capacity to control the means of production and distribution is called his economic power. Political power is different from these. It is mans power over the minds and actions of other men. Two questions arise in this connection-first, why men want to control and direct the activities of others and second, what are the sources of this power. One probable answer to the first question is that the best way to avoid control over one-self by others is to control all others. Perhaps controlling all others is the only surest means for avoiding possible control by them over one-self. Diving deeper into this line of analysis leads one to the Hobbesean conception of human nature. Another answer is that man wants to control others for material benefits. Thus economic needs of man become the principal driving force behind all his political activity. As regards the sources of power, too, there is a wide divergence of opinion. The different views can broadly be categorized into two- the classical view and the modern view. According to the classical view the sources of political power are economic and physical strength, which one can exert on others. It exerts through orders, threats etc., and operates by creating either an expectation of benefit or the fear of disadvantages. In the modern sense power is more a spiritual and intellectual leadership. It is the capacity of a leading state to invite confidence, support and co-operation from lesser states through its championship of promising political principles or a value system. This type of power is based on a kind of concensus in shared values. It assumes the form of voluntary agreement among states to follow a given course of action. It is exerted not through orders and threats but through persuasion. It is tutelage in principles and values through which the powerful try to ident ify their aims with the aspirations of the lesser powers. It is because of this that it is some times called an ideological contest or